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<title>Protectorate</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protectorate</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 17th-century British protectorate, see <a href="The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the Politics series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Basic forms of <a href="Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Broligarchy" title="Broligarchy">Broligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul>

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<a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul>

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<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul>

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<div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>

<ul><li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li>

<li><a href="World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td>

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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li>

<li><a href="Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li>

<li><a href="Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td>

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>protectorate</b>, in the context of international relations, is a <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a> that enjoys <a href="Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the <a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of a more powerful <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> without being a possession.<sup id="cite_ref-cyprus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyprus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reflection_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflection-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boijkov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boijkov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange, the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations depending on the terms of their arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-boijkov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boijkov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually protectorates are established <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> by a <a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cyprus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyprus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reflection_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflection-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under certain conditions—as with <a href="History_of_Egypt_under_the_British#Veiled_Protectorate_(1882–1913)" title="History of Egypt under the British">Egypt under British rule</a> (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a <b>de facto protectorate</b> or a <b>veiled protectorate</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A protectorate is different from a <a href="Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> as it has local rulers, is not directly possessed, and rarely experiences <a href="Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> by the suzerain state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state that is under the protection of another state while retaining its "international personality" is called a "protected state", not a protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-informal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-informal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Protectorates are one of the oldest features of international relations, dating back to the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. <i>Civitates foederatae</i> were cities that were subordinate to Rome for their foreign relations. In the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> was a protectorate of <a href="France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Modern protectorate concepts were devised in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div>

<p>In practice, a protectorate often has direct <a href="Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">foreign relations</a> only with the protector state, and transfers the management of all its more important international affairs to the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boijkov_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boijkov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cyprus_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyprus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reflection_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflection-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from <a href="Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a>, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.

</p><p>Protectorates differ from <a href="League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a> and their successors, <a href="United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a>, whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the <a href="International_community" title="International community">international community</a>. A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing body, with or without a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> administering power.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_state">Protected state</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_sovereign_states_without_armed_forces" title="List of sovereign states without armed forces">List of sovereign states without armed forces</a></div>

<p>A protected state has a form of protection where it continues to retain an "international personality" and enjoys an agreed amount of independence in conducting its foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For political and pragmatic reasons, the protection relationship is not usually advertised, but described with euphemisms such as "an independent state with special treaty relations" with the protecting state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A protected state appears on world maps just as any other independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-informal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-informal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>International administration of a state can also be regarded as an internationalized form of protection, where the protector is an international organisation rather than a state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316–17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316–17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_protection">Colonial protection</h3></div>

<p>Multiple regions—such as the <a href="Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria</a>, the <a href="History_of_Lagos" title="History of Lagos">Colony and Protectorate of Lagos</a>, and similar—were subjects of colonial protection.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions of protection are generally much less generous for areas of colonial protection. The protectorate was often reduced to a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i></span> condition similar to a colony, but with the pre-existing native state continuing as the agent of <a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>. Occasionally, a protectorate was established by another form of indirect rule: a <a href="Chartered_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered company">chartered company</a>, which becomes a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> state in its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country with its own foreign policy and generally its own armed forces.

</p><p>In fact, protectorates were often declared despite no agreement being duly entered into by the state supposedly being protected, or only agreed to by a party of dubious authority in those states. Colonial protectors frequently decided to reshuffle several protectorates into a new, artificial unit without consulting the protectorates, without being mindful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain a protectorate's status and integrity. The <a href="Berlin_Conference_(1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Conference (1884)">Berlin agreement</a> of February 26, 1885, allowed European colonial powers to establish protectorates in <a href="Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Black Africa</a> (the last region to be divided among them) by diplomatic notification, even without actual possession on the ground. This aspect of history is referred to as the <a href="Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as <i>colony</i> and <i>protectorate</i> for an amalgamation—convenient only for the colonizer or protector—of adjacent territories, over which it held (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span>) sway by protective or "raw" colonial power.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amical_protection">Amical protection</h3></div>

<p>In amical protection—as in Britain's relationship with the <a href="United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">United States of the Ionian Islands</a> from 1815 to 1864—the terms are often very favourable for the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wick2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political interest of the protector is frequently moral (a matter of accepted moral obligation, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, or of <a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a>, historical, or ethnocultural ties). The protector's interest may be in countering a rival or enemy power—such as preventing the rival from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance. This may involve a very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations but may not constitute any real sacrifice, as the protectorate may not have been able to have a similar use of them without the protector's strength.

</p><p>The <a href="Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a> frequently extended amical protection to other Christian (generally European) states, and to states of no significant importance. After 1815, non-Christian states (such as the <a href="#Chinese">Chinese Qing dynasty</a>) also provided amical protection to other, much weaker states.

</p><p>In modern times, a form of amical protection can be seen as an important or defining feature of <a href="Microstates" class="mw-redirect" title="Microstates">microstates</a>. According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentina's_protectorates">Argentina's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Liga_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Federal">Liga Federal</a> (1815–1820)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1817–1818)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Tucumán">Republic of Tucumán</a> (1820–1821)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Gobierno_del_Cerrito" title="Gobierno del Cerrito">Gobierno del Cerrito</a> (1843–1851)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay"></a></span></span> <a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1876)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil's_protectorates">Brazil's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Republic_of_Acre" title="Republic of Acre"></a></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Acre" title="Republic of Acre">Republic of Acre</a> (1899–1903)</li>

<li><a href="Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguay</a> (1869–1876)</li>

<li><a href="Preliminary_Peace_Convention_(1828)" title="Preliminary Peace Convention (1828)">Uruguay</a> (1828–1835)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Empire's_protectorates_and_protected_states">British Empire's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_former_British_protectorates">List of former British protectorates</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4></div>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (1627–1652) (as a <a href="Proprietary_colony#The_Caribbean" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> under <a href="William_Courteen" class="mw-redirect" title="William Courteen">William Courteen</a>, followed by <a href="James_Hay%2C_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">James Hay I</a>)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> (1638–1860) (over Central America's <a href="Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a> Indian nation)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h4></div>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> (1872–1963); precursor state of <a href="South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Haudhramaut); later the <a href="Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">Protectorate of South Arabia</a> (1963–1967)

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a> (consisted of five Sheikhdoms: <a href="Al-Busi" title="Al-Busi">Al-Busi</a>, <a href="Al-Dhubi" title="Al-Dhubi">Al-Dhubi</a>, <a href="Hadrami_Sheikhdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Sheikhdom">Hadrami</a>, <a href="Maflahi" title="Maflahi">Maflahi</a>, and <a href="Mawsata" title="Mawsata">Mawsata</a>)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sheikhdom_of_al-Hawra" title="Sheikhdom of al-Hawra">Hawra</a></li>

<li>Western Protectorate States; later the <a href="Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> (1959/1962-1967), including <a href="Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden Colony</a>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Wahidi_Balhaf" title="Wahidi Balhaf">Wahidi Sultanates</a> (these included: <a href="Wahidi_Balhaf" title="Wahidi Balhaf">Balhaf</a>, <a href="Wahidi_Azzan" title="Wahidi Azzan">Azzan</a>, <a href="Wahidi_Bir_Ali" title="Wahidi Bir Ali">Bir Ali</a>, and <a href="Wahidi_Haban" title="Wahidi Haban">Habban</a>)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Emirate_of_Beihan" title="Emirate of Beihan">Beihan</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Emirate_of_Dhala" title="Emirate of Dhala">Dhala</a> and <a href="Qutaibi" title="Qutaibi">Qutaibi</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Fadhli_Sultanate" title="Fadhli Sultanate">Fadhli</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Lahej</a></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Lower_Yafa" title="Lower Yafa">Lower Yafa</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Audhali" title="Audhali">Audhali</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Haushabi" title="Haushabi">Haushabi</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Upper_Aulaqi_Sheikhdom" title="Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom">Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Upper_Aulaqi_Sultanate" title="Upper Aulaqi Sultanate">Upper Aulaqi Sultanate</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Lower_Aulaqi_Sultanate" title="Lower Aulaqi Sultanate">Lower Aulaqi</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Alawi_(sheikhdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawi (sheikhdom)">Alawi</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Aqrabi" title="Aqrabi">Aqrabi</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Dathina" title="Dathina">Dathina</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Shaib" title="Shaib">Shaib</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> (1914–1922)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a></span></span> <a href="Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> (1899–1956) (condominium with Egypt)</li></ul>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Maldives">Sultanate of Maldives</a> (1887–1965)<sup id="cite_ref-mi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> (1861–1947)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Manipur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur Kingdom">Manipur Kingdom</a> (1826–1891)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="North_Borneo" title="North Borneo"></a></span></span> <a href="North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> (1888–1946)</li>

<li>Various <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely States</a> (1845-1947) – The princely states were lower in status than protectorates as the British reserved the right to interfere in internal matters under the principle of <a href="British_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Paramountcy">British Paramountcy</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> (1871–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then proclaimed a <a href="Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> 1922–60)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"></a></span></span> <a href="Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a> (1800–1813); <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a></span></span> <a href="Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a> proclaimed in 1813) (de jure part of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> but under British protection)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian islands</a> (1815–1864) (a <a href="Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="Amical_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Amical protectorate">amical protectorate</a> of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h4></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> Protectorate (1900–1964)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> (1885–1966)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1884–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a> (1895–1920)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</a>* (1894–1965)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Protectorate</a>* (1920–1963)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria"></a></span></span> <a href="Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a>* (1914-1960)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> (1900–1914)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (1924–1964)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Northern_Territories_of_the_Gold_Coast_(British_protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)">Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)</a> (1901–1957)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland"></a></span></span> <a href="Nyasaland_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyasaland Protectorate">Nyasaland Protectorate</a> (1893–1964) (<span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a> until 1907)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sierra_Leone_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Protectorate">Sierra Leone Protectorate</a>* (1896–1961)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> (1900–1914)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> (1903–1968)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a> (1894–1962)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> (1878–1884)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a> (1890–1963)</li></ul>

<p>*protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a> (1884–1888)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a> (1893–1978)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a> (1888–1901)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> (1892–1916)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (1877–1947)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_former_British_protected_states">List of former British protected states</h3></div>

<p>As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, it becoming clear only after it was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1879–1919)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> (1888–1984)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (1910–1947)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Emirate_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a> (1915-1921)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a> (1921-1926)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd</a> (1926-1927)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> (1816–1923)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> (1922–1936)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya"></a></span></span> <a href="Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> (1948–1957)

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> (1895–1946)

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> (1888–1895)

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sungai_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Ujong">Sungai Ujong</a> (1874–1888)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Jelebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelebu">Jelebu</a> (1886–1895)</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> (1888–1895)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> (1874–1895)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> (1874–1895)</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a> (1904/09–1946)

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> (1914–1946)

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> <a href="Muar_District" title="Muar District">Muar</a> (1897–1909)</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> (1919–1946)</li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> (1900–1970)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">British Residency of the Persian Gulf</a> (1822–1971); headquarters based at <a href="Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> (1919–1921)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain (1783–1971)">Bahrain (1783–1971)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</a> (1899–1961)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (1916–1971)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>; precursor state of the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> (1820–1971)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> (1835–1971)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a> (1952–1971)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> (1820–1971)

<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a> (1936–1951)</li></ul></li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Umm_al-Qaiwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Qaiwain">Umm al-Qaiwain</a> (1820–1971)</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> (1892–1951) (informal)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a> (1888–1946)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Maldives">Sultanate of Maldives</a> (1948-1965)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Eswatini#British_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)" title="Eswatini">Swaziland</a> (1967–1968)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China's_protectorates">China's protectorates</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Protectorate_(Duhu_Fu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate (Duhu Fu)">Protectorate (Duhu Fu)</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>:

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo</a> (1270–1356)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>:

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_Empire's_protectorates">Dutch Empire's protectorates</h2></div>

<p>Various sultanates in the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present day Indonesia):<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumatra"><a href="Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></h3></div>

<ul><li>Tarumon Kingdom (1830–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Langkat Sultanate</a> (26 October 1869 – December 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli Sultanate</a> (22 August 1862 – December 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan Sultanate</a> (27 September 1865 – December 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> Tasik (Kota Pinang) (1865 – December 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak Sultanate</a> (1 February 1858 – 1946)</li>

<li>Sungai Taras (Kampong Raja) (1864–1916)</li>

<li>Panei (1864–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Sultanate of Serdang</a> (1865 – December 1945)</li>

<li>Indragiri Sultanate (1838 – September 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a> (1833–1899)</li>

<li><a href="Kuala" title="Kuala">Kuala</a> (1886–1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Pelalawan_Regency" title="Pelalawan Regency">Pelalawan</a> (1859 – November 1945)</li>

<li><a href="Siantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siantar">Siantar</a> (1904–1946)</li>

<li>Tanah Jawa (1904–1946)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riau_Archipelago"><a href="Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Lingga-Riau</a> (1819–1911)</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten</a> (1682–1811)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> (1684–1819)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogjakarta Sultanate</a> (13 February 1755 – 1942)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> (later <a href="Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a>) (26 February 1677 – 19 August 1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Principality of Mangkunegara</a> (24 February 1757 – 1946)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Duchy of Pakualaman</a> (22 June 1812 – 1942)</li>

<li><a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> (1682–1809)</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Klungkung_Regency" title="Klungkung Regency">Klungkung</a> (1843–1908)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Badung_Regency" title="Badung Regency">Badung</a> (1843–1906)</li>

<li><a href="Bangli_Regency" title="Bangli Regency">Bangli</a> (1843–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Buleleng_Regency" title="Buleleng Regency">Buleleng</a> (1841–1872 and 1890–1893)</li>

<li><a href="Gianyar_Regency" title="Gianyar Regency">Gianyar</a> (1843–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Jembrana_Regency" title="Jembrana Regency">Jembrana</a> (1849–1882)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karang Asem</a> (1843–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Tabanan_Regency" title="Tabanan Regency">Tabanan</a> (1843–1906)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lombok"><a href="Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> (1843–1894)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a> (1908–c. 1948)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Bima" title="Bima">Bima</a> (8 December 1669 – 1949)</li>

<li><a href="Dompu" title="Dompu">Dompu</a> (1905–1942)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flores_and_Solor"><a href="Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and Solor</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> (1860–1904)</li>

<li>Tanah Kuna Lima (1917–1924)</li>

<li>Ndona (1917–1924)</li>

<li><a href="Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka</a> (1879–c. 1947)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borneo"><a href="Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Borneo</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Banjar" title="Sultanate of Banjar">Sultanate of Banjar</a> (1826–1860)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> (16 August 1819 – 1942)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas Sultanate</a> (1819–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Landak_Regency" title="Landak Regency">Landak</a> (1819–c. 1949)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Mempawah_Kingdom" title="Mempawah Kingdom">Mempawah Kingdom</a> (1819–1942)</li>

<li><a href="Sanggau_Regency" title="Sanggau Regency">Sanggau Kingdom</a> (182?–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Sekadau_Regency" title="Sekadau Regency">Sekadau</a> (182?–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Simpang (1822–c. 1949)</li>

<li><a href="Sintang_Regency" title="Sintang Regency">Sintang</a> (1822–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Sukadana" title="Sukadana">Sukadana</a> (1828–c.1949)</li>

<li>Kota Waringin Sultanate (1824–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate</a> (8 August 1825 – 1949)</li>

<li>Gunung Tabur (1844–c.1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Bulungan Sultanate</a> (1844–c.1949)</li>

<li>Simbaliung (1844–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Tayan (1823–c. 1949)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebes"><a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Gowa Sultanate</a> (1669–1906; 1936–1949)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone Sultanate</a> (1669–1905)</li>

<li><a href="Bolaang_Mongondow_Regency" title="Bolaang Mongondow Regency">Bolaang Mongonduw</a> (1825–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Laiwui (1858–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Soppeng (1860–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Butung (1824–c. 1949)</li>

<li><a href="Banggai_Islands_Regency" title="Banggai Islands Regency">Banggai</a> (1907–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Tallo (1668–1780)</li>

<li>Tabukan (1677–c. 1949)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ajattappareng_Confederacy_(1905–c._1949)"><a href="Ajatappareng" title="Ajatappareng">Ajattappareng</a> Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)</h4></div>

<ul><li>Malusetasi</li>

<li>Rapang</li>

<li>Swaito (union of Sawito and Alita, 1908)</li>

<li><a href="Sidenreng_Rappang_Regency" title="Sidenreng Rappang Regency">Sidenreng</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mabbatupappeng_Confederacy_(1906–c._1949)">Mabbatupappeng Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Barru" title="Barru">Barru</a></li>

<li>Soppengriaja (union of Balusu, Kiru, Kamiri, 1906)</li>

<li><a href="Tanette" title="Tanette">Tanette</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandar_Confederacy_(1906–c._1949)">Mandar Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)</h4></div>

<ul><li>Balangnipa</li>

<li>Binuang</li>

<li>Cenrana</li>

<li><a href="Majene_Regency" title="Majene Regency">Majene</a></li>

<li><a href="Mamuju_Regency" title="Mamuju Regency">Mamuju</a></li>

<li>Pambauang</li>

<li>Tapalang</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massenrempulu_Confederacy_(1905–c._1949)">Massenrempulu Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)</h4></div>

<ul><li>Allah</li>

<li>Batulapa</li>

<li>Bontobatu</li>

<li><a href="Enrekang_Regency" title="Enrekang Regency">Enrekang</a></li>

<li><a href="Maiwa%2C_Indonesia" title="Maiwa, Indonesia">Maiwa</a></li>

<li>Malua</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moluccas"><a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate Sultanate</a> (12 October 1676 – 1949)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Bacan Sultanate</a> (1667–1949)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span><a href="Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a> (1657–c.1949)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Timor_and_Alor"><a href="West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a> and Alor</h3></div>

<ul><li>Amanatun (1749–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Amanuban (1749–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Amarasi (1749–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Amfoan (1683–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Beboki (1756–c. 1949)</li>

<li>Insana (1756–c.1949)</li>

<li>Sonbai Besar (1756–1906)</li>

<li>Sonbai Kecil (1659–1917)</li>

<li>Roti (Korbafo before 1928) (c. 1750–c.1949)</li>

<li>TaEbenu (1688–1917)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Guinea"><a href="New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a>:

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kaimana Sultanate</a> (1828-1949)</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egypt's_protectorates">Egypt's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine</a> (1948–1959) – although it claimed the former territory of <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, the polity only held control of the <a href="Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. It was recognized by <a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">Syria</a> and <a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a>; but not <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a> who would <a href="Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annex</a> the <a href="West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> in 1950.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France's_protectorates_and_protected_states">France's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div>

<p>"Protection" was the formal legal structure under which <a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial forces</a> expanded in Africa between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state that was later part of <a href="French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> was placed under protectorate status at some point, although <a href="Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct rule</a> gradually replaced protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely retained—as with the low-level authority figures in the French <a href="Cercle_(French_colonial)" title="Cercle (French colonial)">Cercles</a>—with leaders appointed and removed by French officials.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> traditional states

<ul><li>Independent of <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Danhome" class="mw-redirect" title="Danhome">Danhome</a>, under French protectorate, from 1889</li>

<li><a href="Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> a French protectorate, 23 February 1863 – 2 January 1865. <a href="Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a> a French Protectorate, 19 May 1868. <a href="Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> French protectorate, 14 April 1882.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> traditional states:

<ul><li>French protectorate over <a href="Dar_al-Kuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Kuti">Dar al-Kuti</a> (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French), 12 December 1897</li>

<li>French protectorate over the Sultanate of <a href="Bangassou" title="Bangassou">Bangassou</a>, 1894</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> was from 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named <a href="French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a> (Haute-Volta)</li>

<li><a href="Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>: <a href="Baghirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghirmi">Baghirmi</a> state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate</li>

<li><a href="C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast</li>

<li><a href="Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).</li>

<li><a href="Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a> (<a href="Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>), 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled <a href="Sarkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarkin">Sarkin</a> Damagaram or Sultan</li>

<li><a href="Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers</li>

<li><a href="Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>: 21 April 1886 French protectorate (<a href="Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a>) until 25 July 1912 when annexed.</li>

<li>Present <a href="Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> was originally, from 24 June 1884, the Territory of <a href="Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a> and Protectorate of <a href="Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> (Territoires Français d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as <a href="French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> (Côte Française des Somalis).</li>

<li><a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>: 12 May 1903 <a href="Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">French protectorate</a>; within Mauritania several traditional states:

<ul><li><a href="Adrar_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar (region)">Adrar</a> emirate from 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)</li>

<li>The Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), from 1905 under French protectorate.</li>

<li><a href="Brakna" class="mw-redirect" title="Brakna">Brakna</a> confederation's emirate</li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Trarza" title="Emirate of Trarza">Emirate of Trarza</a>: 15 December 1902 placed under French protectorate status.</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a> – most of the sultanate was under <a href="French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a> (30 March 1912 – 7 April 1956) although, in theory, it remained a sovereign state under the <a href="Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this fact was confirmed by the <a href="International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>The northern part of <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> was under <a href="Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a> in the same period.</li></ul></li>

<li>Traditional <a href="Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> States

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Imerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Imerina">Kingdom of Imerina</a> under French protectorate, 6 August 1896. <a href="French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a> colony, 28 February 1897.</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia"></a></span></span> <a href="Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (12 May 1881 – 20 March 1956): became a <a href="French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate</a> by treaty</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_2">Americas</h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"></a></span></span> <a href="Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> (1863–1867), established by Emperor <a href="Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> during the <a href="Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a> and ruled by the Austrian-born, French puppet monarch <a href="Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> until 1953/54:

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> and <a href="Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> 6 June 1884</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> 11 August 1863</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a> 3 October 1893</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Dynasty">Vietnam</a> 6 June 1884</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"></a></span></span> <a href="Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish Republic</a> (1923–1924)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate"></a></span></span> <a href="Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> (1946–1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former <a href="Saar_(League_of_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (League of Nations)">League of Nations mandate</a>. Most French protectorates were colonial.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania_2">Oceania</h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia"></a></span></span> <a href="French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, mainly <a href="Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">the Society Islands</a> (several others were immediately annexed).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All eventually were annexed by 1889.

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Otaheiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Otaheiti">Otaheiti</a> (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti, 1842–1880</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a> and <a href="Tahaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahaa">Tahaa</a> (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate, 1880)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> (one of the <a href="Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a>; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate, 16 February 1844 (unratified) and 30 November 1871<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>:

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Wallis_(island)" title="Wallis (island)">Wallis</a> declared to be a French protectorate by <a href="List_of_kings_of_Uvea" title="List of kings of Uvea">King</a> of <a href="Uvea_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Uvea (Wallis and Futuna)">Uvea</a> and Captain Mallet, 4 November 1842. Officially in a treaty becomes a French protectorate, 5 April 1887.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sigave" title="Sigave">Sigave</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Alo_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Alo (Wallis and Futuna)">Alo</a> on the islands of <a href="Futuna_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Futuna (Wallis and Futuna)">Futuna</a> and <a href="Alofi_Island" title="Alofi Island">Alofi</a> signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on 16 February 1888.</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany's_protectorates_and_protected_states">Germany's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">List of former German colonies</a></div>

<p>The <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> used the word <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzgebiet</i></span></i>, literally protectorate, for all of its colonial possessions until they were lost during <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, regardless of the actual level of government control. Cases involving indirect rule included:

</p>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea"></a></span></span> <a href="German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> (1884–1920), now part of <a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> (1884–1920), present-day <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> (1884–1914), now part of <a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a> (1885–1920), now part of <a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and the <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a> (1885–1890), now part of <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (1894–1920)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a> (1900–1920), present-day <a href="Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea"></a></span></span> <a href="Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Gwandu" title="Gwandu">Gando</a> Emirate (1895–1897)<sup id="cite_ref-Gründer-2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gründer-2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Gourma_Province" title="Gourma Province">Gulmu</a> (1895–1897)<sup id="cite_ref-Gründer-2004_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gründer-2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Before and during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> designated the rump of occupied <a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> as protectorates:

</p>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia"></a></span></span> <a href="Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> (1939–1945), however it was also considered a partially annexed territory of Germany</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a></span></span> <a href="Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a> (1940–1943)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India's_protectorates">India's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (1947–1971).</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> (1950–1975), later <a href="1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">acceded</a> to India as <a href="Sikkim" title="Sikkim">State of Sikkim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336–339_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336–339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy's_protectorates_and_protected_states">Italy's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">The Albanian Republic</a> (1917–1920) and the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom</a> (1939–1943)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Monaco" title="Monaco"></a></span></span> <a href="Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> under amical Protectorate of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> 20 November 1815 to 1860.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> : 2 May 1889 <a href="Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">Treaty of Wuchale</a>, in the <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian <a href="Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic language</a> version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, <a href="Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik II of Ethiopia">Menelik II</a> abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the <a href="First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over <a href="Cirenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirenaica">Cirenaica</a> (Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Benadir Coast</a> in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Italian protectorate (in the northeast; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Majerteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Majerteen">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 April 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> since December 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 April 1895), then in October 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as <i>Obbia</i>).</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan's_protectorates">Japan's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Korea" title="Korea"></a></span></span> <a href="Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Korean Empire</a> (1905–1910)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo"></a></span></span> <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1932–1945)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang"></a></span></span> <a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (1939–1945)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland's_protectorates">Poland's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Feodosia#Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)" title="Feodosia">Kaffa</a> (1462–1475)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal's_protectorates">Portugal's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Cabinda_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinda (province)">Cabinda (Portuguese Congo)</a> (1885–1974), Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 <a href="Treaty_of_Simulambuco" title="Treaty of Simulambuco">Treaty of Simulambuco</a>, which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the <a href="Portuguese_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown">Portuguese Crown</a> under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda".</li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> (1857–1914)</li>

<li><a href="Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza Empire</a> (1824–1895), now part of <a href="Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>

<li><a href="Angoche_Sultanate" title="Angoche Sultanate">Angoche Sultanate</a> (1903–1910)</li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a> (1515–1859)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia's_and_the_Soviet_Union's_protectorates_and_protected_states">Russia's and the Soviet Union's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1654–1764)</li>

<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> (1783–1801)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> (1804–1810)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Revolutionary_Serbia" title="Revolutionary Serbia">Revolutionary Serbia</a> (1807–1812)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"></a></span></span> <a href="Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> (1826–1856), now part of <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldova</a> (1829–1856), now part of <a href="Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a> (1829–1856)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> (1873–1920)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> (1873–1920)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Uryankhay_Krai" title="Uryankhay Krai">Uryankhay Krai</a> (1914)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> (1944–1949), now part of <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="China" title="China">China</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_facto"><i>De facto</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Russian-occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories">Russian-occupied territories</a></div>

<p>Some sources mention the following territories as <i><a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> Russian protectorates:

</p>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> (2008–present)<sup id="cite_ref-oboze_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oboze-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> (1992–present)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> (1994–present)<sup id="cite_ref-oboze_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oboze-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Donetsk_People's_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (2015–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Luhansk_People's_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (2015–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> (2020–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain's_protectorates">Spain's protectorates</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> protectorate from 27 November 1912 until 2 April 1958 (Northern zone until 7 April 1956, Southern zone (<a href="Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>) until 2 April 1958).</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> (1851–1899)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey's_and_the_Ottoman_Empire's_protectorates_and_protected_states">Turkey's and the Ottoman Empire's protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate"></a></span></span> <a href="Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> (1569–1903)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Maldives" title="Maldives"></a></span></span> <a href="Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (1560–1590)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1669–1685)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_facto_2"><i>De facto</i></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"></a></span></span> <a href="Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (1974–present)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations'_protectorates">United Nations' protectorates</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="United_Nations_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations protectorate">United Nations protectorate</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States'_protectorates_and_protected_states">United States' protectorates and protected states</h2></div>

<p>After becoming independent nations in 1902 and 1903 respectively, <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> became protectorates of the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 1903, Cuba and the U.S. signed the <a href="Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations</a>, which affirmed the provisions of the <a href="Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a>, including that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve its independence, among other reasons (the Platt Amendment had also been integrated into the <a href="1901_Constitution_of_Cuba" title="1901 Constitution of Cuba">1901 constitution of Cuba</a>). Later that year, Panama and the U.S. signed the <a href="Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a>, which established the <a href="Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> and gave the U.S. the right to intervene in the cities of <a href="Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama</a> and <a href="Col%C3%B3n%2C_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a> (and the adjacent territories and harbors) for the maintenance of public order. The <a href="Constitution_of_Panama#Earlier_constitutions" title="Constitution of Panama">1904 constitution of Panama</a>, in Article 136, also gave the U.S. the right to intervene in any part of Panama "to reestablish public peace and constitutional order." <a href="Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> later also became a protectorate after the ratification of the <a href="Haitian%E2%80%93American_Convention" title="Haitian–American Convention">Haitian–American Convention</a> (which gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Haiti for a period of ten years, which was later expanded to twenty years through an additional agreement in 1917) on September 16, 1915.

</p><p>The U.S. also attempted to establish protectorates over the <a href="Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> through the <a href="Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a>.

</p>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (1903–1941)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Haiti</a> (1915–1936)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_facto_3"><i>De facto</i></h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a> (1899–1901)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a> (1899–1903)</li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_usage_by_the_United_States">Contemporary usage by the United States</h3></div>

<p>Some agencies of the <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>, such as the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, refer to the <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> and <a href="Insular_area" title="Insular area">insular areas</a> of the United States—such as <a href="American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and the <a href="United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>—as protectorates.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the <a href="Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of Insular Affairs</a> within the <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>, uses only the term "insular area" rather than protectorate.

</p>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C."></a></span></span> <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="American_Samoa" title="American Samoa"></a></span></span> <a href="American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands"></a></span></span> <a href="Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"></a></span></span> <a href="Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands"></a></span></span> <a href="United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_protectorates">Joint protectorates</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium (international law)</a></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa"></a></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> (1684–1798), a joint <a href="Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Austrian</a>–<a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turkish</a> protectorate</li>

<li>The <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">United States of the Ionian Islands</a> and the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> were federal republics of seven formerly Venetian (see <a href="Provveditore" title="Provveditore">Provveditore</a>) Ionian Islands (<a href="Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a>, <a href="Zante" class="mw-redirect" title="Zante">Zante</a>, <a href="Santa_Maura" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maura">Santa Maura</a>, <a href="Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="Cerigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerigo">Cerigo</a>, and <a href="Paxos_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxos (island)">Paxos</a>), officially under joint protectorate of the allied Christian powers, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> a British amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a></span></span> <a href="Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> (1899–1956)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"></a></span></span> <a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1943)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> (1945–1949)</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a></span></span> <a href="Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a> (1945–1955)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="British_Protected_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Person">British Protected Person</a></li>

<li><a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina">European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="EUFOR_Althea" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR Althea">EUFOR Althea</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina">High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_Implementation_Council" title="Peace Implementation Council">Peace Implementation Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Protector_(title)" title="Protector (title)">Protector</a> (titles for <a href="Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Heads of State</a> and other individual persons)</li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">Protectorate (imperial China)</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_national_independence" title="Timeline of national independence">Timeline of national independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribute" title="Tribute">Tribute</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-informal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-informal_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-informal_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Protected state</i> in this technical sense is distinguished from the informal usage of "protected state" to refer to a state receiving protection.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British held a <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> protected state over Afghanistan. Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, <a href="Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> held Afghanistan as a <a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de-facto</a> independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars regard the relationship as one of <a href="Priest-patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest-patron">Priest-patron</a> rather than a protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann,_Protectorates1987">Hoffmann, Protectorates (1987)</a>, p. 336.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFuess2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fuess, Albrecht (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA144051591&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13032925&p=AONE&sw=w">"Was Cyprus a Mamluk protectorate? Mamluk policies toward Cyprus between 1426 and 1517"</a>. <i>Journal of Cyprus Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (<span class="nowrap">28–</span>29): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>29. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1303-2925">1303-2925</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRubenson1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rubenson, Sven (1966). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180113">"Professor Giglio, Antonelli and Article XVII of the Treaty of Wichale"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">445–</span>457. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700006526">10.1017/S0021853700006526</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180113">180113</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162713931">162713931</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1967" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Francis Bisset (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wk6o1XniPsQC"><i>The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7146-1139-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1905" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Alex. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/715150">"The Colonization of British East Africa"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal African Society</i>. <b>5</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>37. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-4016">0368-4016</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/715150">715150</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality2001">Meijknecht, Towards International Personality (2001)</a>, p. 42.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013">Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)</a>, p. 16.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYoon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, Jong-pil (17 August 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916599.2020.1722725">"Establishing expansion as a legal right: an analysis of French colonial discourse surrounding protectorate treaties"</a></span>. <i>History of European Ideas</i>. <b>46</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">811–</span>826. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2020.1722725">10.1080/01916599.2020.1722725</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-6599">0191-6599</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214425740">214425740</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013">Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)</a>, p. 16: "First, protected states are entities which still have substantial authority in their internal affairs, retain some control over their foreign policy, and establish their relation to the protecting state on a treaty or another legal instrument. Protected states still have qualifications of statehood."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009">Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)</a>, p. 50.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316–17-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316–17_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013">Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOnah2020" class="citation journal cs1">Onah, Emmanuel Ikechi (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/7954">"Nigeria: A Country Profile"</a>. <i>Journal of International Studies</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">151–</span>162. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32890%2Fjis.10.2014.7954">10.32890/jis.10.2014.7954</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2289-666X">2289-666X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226175755">226175755</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009">Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)</a>, p. 51.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-mi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112628/https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/timeline-story-of-independence-115638">"Timeline – Story of Independence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/timeline-story-of-independence-115638">the original</a> on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Carey_Owtram1999" class="citation web cs1">Francis Carey Owtram (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1556/1/U126805.pdf">"Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, by Michael J. Seth", p112</span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1995" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (April 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/affil/tibet/documents/ReflectionsontheTibetQuestion1995.pdf"><i>Tibet, China and the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Atlantic Council, p. 3 – via Case Western Reserve University</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu2001" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Dawa (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA78"><i>China's Tibet Policy</i></a>, Routledge, p. 78, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-79793-4</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLin2011" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA8"><i>Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49</i></a>. UBC Press. p. 8. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSloane2002" class="citation cs2">Sloane, Robert D. (Spring 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/emint16&id=113">"The Changing Face of Recognition in International Law: A Case Study of Tibet"</a>, <i>Emory International Law Review</i>, <b>16</b> (1), note 93, p. 135: "This ["priest-patron"] relationship reemerged during China's prolonged domination by the Manchu Ch'ing dynasty (1611–1911)." – via Hein Online</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaran2015" class="citation cs2">Karan, P. P. (2015), "Suppression of Tibetan Religious Heritage", in S. D. Brunn (ed.), <i>The Changing World Religion Map</i>, Spriger Science, p. 462, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9376-6_23">10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_23</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-94-017-9375-9</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1964" class="citation cs2">Sinha, Nirmal C. (May 1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_01_01_04.pdf">"Historical Status of Tibet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Bulletin of Tibetology</i>, <b>1</b> (1): 27</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states1.html">"Indonesian Traditional States part 1"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states2.html">"Indonesian Traditional States Part 2"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the classic account on this in Robert Delavignette. <i>Freedom and Authority in French West Africa</i>. London: Oxford University Press, (1950). The more recent standard studies on French expansion include:<br>Robert Aldrich. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Palgrave MacMillan (1996) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-16000-3</bdi>.<br>Alice L. Conklin. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press (1998), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8047-2999-4</bdi>.<br>Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995. Cambridge University Press (1998) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-64255-8</bdi>.<br>Jean Suret-Canale. Afrique Noire: l'Ere Coloniale (Editions Sociales, Paris, 1971); Eng. translation, French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, 1900 1945. (New York, 1971).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBedjaoui1991" class="citation book cs1">Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51"><i>International Law: Achievements and Prospects</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9231027166</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCapaldo1995" class="citation book cs1">Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esfISSxc13cC&pg=PA453"><i>Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947–1992)</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0792329937</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. W. Newbury. Aspects of French Policy in the Pacific, 1853–1906. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Feb., 1958), pp. 45–56</span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108649.htm">"Dominican Republic, 1916-1924"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State Archive</i>. 20 August 2008.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cuba-Platt-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuba-Platt_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/platt-amendment">"Platt Amendment (1903)"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. 15 September 2021.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/foreign-affairs">"William McKinley: Foreign Affairs"</a>. Miller Center.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2000" class="citation journal cs1">Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634352">"The Republic of Negros"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>52. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634352">42634352</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/03/12/2020-05079/notice-of-finding-of-failure-to-submit-state-plans-for-the-municipal-solid-waste-landfills-emission">"Notice of Finding of Failure To Submit State Plans for the Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Emission Guidelines"</a>. <i>Environmental Protection Agency</i>. 12 March 2020.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann,_Protectorates1987" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Gerhard (1987). "Protectorates". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444862419500853"><i>Encyclopedia of Disputes Installment 10</i></a></span>. Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">336–</span>339. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-86241-9.50085-3">10.1016/B978-0-444-86241-9.50085-3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780444862419</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macdonell, John (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Protectorate"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Protectorate">"Protectorate" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">468–</span>470.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality2001" class="citation cs2">Meijknecht, Anna (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3NnYzUWxtoC&pg=PA42"><i>Towards International Personality: The Position of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in International Law</i></a>, Intersentia NV, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-5095-166-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009" class="citation cs2">Onley, James (March 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">"The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Asian Affairs</i>, <b>11</b> (1), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReisman,_Relections_on_state_responsibility1989" class="citation cs2">Reisman, W. (1989), "Reflections on state responsibility for violations of explicit protectorate, mandate, and trusteeship obligations", <i>Michigan Journal of International Law</i>, <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>240</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013" class="citation cs2">Willigen, Niels van (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UsLN-YFLKRUC&pg=PA16"><i>Peacebuilding and International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-11718-5</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaroussePaul_AugéClaude_Augé1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larousse, Pierre; <a href="Paul_Aug%C3%A9" title="Paul Augé">Paul Augé</a>; <a href="Claude_Aug%C3%A9" title="Claude Augé">Claude Augé</a> (1925). <i>Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré: Dictionnaire Encyclopédique</i> (in French). Larousse.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li>

<li><a href="Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a>

<li><a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li>

<li><a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li>

<li>Magadha

<ul><li><a href="Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li>

<li><a href="Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pagan_kingdom" title="Pagan kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li>

<li><a href="Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li>

<li><a href="Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a>

<li><a href="Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li>

<li><a href="Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a>

<li><a href="Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li>

<li><a href="Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li>

<li><a href="Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li>

<li><a href="Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a>

<li><a href="Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>

<li><a href="Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>

<ul><li><a href="Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li>

<li><a href="Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li>

<li><a href="Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li>

<li><a href="Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiwanaku_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li>

<li><a href="Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li>

<li><a href="Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li>

<li><a href="Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a>

<li><a href="Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li>

<li><a href="Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a>

<li><a href="Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li>

<li><a href="Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li>

<li><a href="Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a>

<ul><li><a href="Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsengeli</a></li>

<li><a href="Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Geledi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a>

<li><a href="Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="U.S._imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_colonial_projects_before_1871" title="German colonial projects before 1871">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Venetian</a></li>

<li><a href="Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Catalan-Aragonese</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_imperialism" title="Ecological imperialism">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li>

<li><a href="Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li>

<li><a href="Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li>

<li><a href="Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li>

<li><a href="Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li>

<li><a href="County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li>

<li><a href="County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a>

<ul><li><a href="Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li>

<li><a href="City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a>

<ul><li><a href="Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li>

<li>Service district

<ul><li><a href="Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Local service district (disambiguation)">Local service district</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="School_district" title="School district">School district</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a>

<li><a href="Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li>

<li><a href="Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Administrative region

<ul><li><a href="Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li>

<li><a href="Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li>

<li><a href="Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li>

<li><a href="Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li>

<li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li>

<li><a href="National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Economic zone

<ul><li><a href="Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li>

<li>Trade zone

<ul><li><a href="Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li>

<li><a href="Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li>

<li><a href="Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li>

<li><a href="Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li>

<li><a href="Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li>

<li><a href="Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li>

<li><a href="Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li>

<li><a href="Village" title="Village">Village</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li>

<li><a href="Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li>

<li><a href="March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li>

<li><a href="Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li>

<li><a href="Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li>

<li><a href="Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li>

<li><a href="Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li>

<li><a href="Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li>

<li><a href="Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li>

<li><a href="Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li>

<li><a href="Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li>

<li><a href="Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li>

<li><a href="Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li>

<li>Gemeinde

<ul><li><a href="Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li>

<li><a href="Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li>

<li><a href="Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li>

<li><a href="Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li>

<li><a href="Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li>

<li>Kommun/Kunta

<ul><li><a href="Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li>

<li>Landskap

<ul><li><a href="Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li>

<li><a href="Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li>

<li><a href="Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li>

<li><a href="Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li>

<li><a href="Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li>

<li><a href="Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li>

<li><a href="Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li>

<li><a href="Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li>

<li><a href="Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li>

<li><a href="Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li>

<li><a href="Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li>

<li><a href="Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li>

<li><a href="Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li>

<li><a href="Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li>

<li><a href="Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li>

<li><a href="K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li>

<li><a href="Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li>

<li><a href="Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li>

<li>Landskap

<ul><li><a href="Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li>

<li><a href="Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li>

<li>Nome

<ul><li><a href="Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li>

<li><a href="Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li>

<li><a href="Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li>

<li><a href="Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li>

<li><a href="Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li>

<li><a href="Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>.

<dd>Autonomous administration</dd>

<dd><a href="Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd>

<dd><a href="List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd>

<dd>Greek administrative divisions</dd>

<dd>Slavic administrative divisions</dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>

<li><a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li>

<li><a href="Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1759" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1759" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129851-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protectorates"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107652">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protectorats"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980499h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protectorats"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980499h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protektoráty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1128228&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000298181&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541254005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d3a8c554-06f3-419e-aef2-56d364849c70">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Protectorate&oldid=1303626424">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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